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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: 15.2.1 Glycolysis_Ain Shafira, STEP 9 -The enzyme enolase catalyses the dehydration (removal of H2O molecules) of 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG). The product is phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). ???? STEP 10 - substrate-level-phosphorylation,which is catalysed by the enzyme pyruvate kinase.Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) serves as a donor of the phosphoryl group that is transferred to ADP to produce ATP.The final product of glycolysis is pyruvate., *Once pyruvate are traslocated from the cytoplasm into the matrix of mitochondrion,carbon dioxide is enzymatically removed from the carboxyl group of pyruvate,changing it from a three-carbon to a two-carbon group. *Oxidation of the two-carbon fragment to acetate takes place and it is coupled by reduction of NADH+ to NADH. *The coenzyme A is attached to the acetyl group,forming acetyl coenzyme A,abbreviated acetyl CoA.This bond is unstable,making the acetyl group very reactive. ???? Glycolysis produces two pyruvate molecules per glucose.Thus,there are two acetyl CoA,two CO2 and two NADH molecules produced in this link reaction., STEP 5 -Because only one isomer,glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P),is used in the next step of glycolysis, the dihydroxyacetone phosphate is rearrange to become a second molecules of G3P.The enzyme that mediates this isomerisation is triose phosphate isomerase. ???? STEP 6 -Enzyme triose phosphate dehydrogenase catalyses two sequential reactions and the glyceraldehydes-3 phosphate is oxidized to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG).This is the first step in glycolysis that releases energy and it involves the reduction of NAD, i.e NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H+.For every glucose molecule, 2 NADH are produced.This,and all remaining reactions of glycolysis,occur twice for each glucose because each glucose has been converted into two molecules of glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate., Glycolysis produces two pyruvate molecules per glucose.Thus,there are two acetyl CoA,two CO2 and two NADH molecules produced in this link reaction. the fate of pyruvate, STEP 3 -Carbon-1 in fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated to fructose-1,6-biophosphate which is more reactive.This reaction requires a second ATP input and is catalysed by the enzyme phosphofructokinase. ???? STEP 4 -Aldolase cleaves the six-carbon sugar into isometric three-carbon sugars : dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate (G3P), STEP 8 -3-phosphoglycerate is isomerised to produce 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG) in a reaction catalysed by enzyme phosphoglyceromutase. ???? STEP 9 -The enzyme enolase catalyses the dehydration (removal of H2O molecules) of 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG). The product is phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)., STEP 1 -Glucose enters the cells and is phosphorylated on carbon-6.This is an ATP coupled reaction. It is catalysed by the enzyme hexokinase.This step requires an initial input of an ATP and makes glucose more chemically reactive by producing glucose -6-phosphate. ???? STEP 2 -The enzyme phosphoglucoisomerase catalyses the rearrangement of glucose-6- phosphate to its isomer,fructose-6-phosphate., If oxygen is present,pyruvate enters the interior of mitochondrion (matrix) where it is completely oxidised by a series of enzyme-controlled reactions. ???? *Once pyruvate are traslocated from the cytoplasm into the matrix of mitochondrion,carbon dioxide is enzymatically removed from the carboxyl group of pyruvate,changing it from a three-carbon to a two-carbon group. *Oxidation of the two-carbon fragment to acetate takes place and it is coupled by reduction of NADH+ to NADH. *The coenzyme A is attached to the acetyl group,forming acetyl coenzyme A,abbreviated acetyl CoA.This bond is unstable,making the acetyl group very reactive., GLYCOLYSIS ???? STEP 1 -Glucose enters the cells and is phosphorylated on carbon-6.This is an ATP coupled reaction. It is catalysed by the enzyme hexokinase.This step requires an initial input of an ATP and makes glucose more chemically reactive by producing glucose -6-phosphate., STEP 7 -In this reaction,energy is stored in the formed of ATP. 3-phosphoglycerate (3GP) is formed from 1,3-biphosphoglycerate (BPG) by enzymatic activity of phosphoglycerate kinase and ATP is produced by subtrate level phosphorylation.This is the first subtrate-level-phosphorylation of glycolysis. ???? STEP 8 -3-phosphoglycerate is isomerised to produce 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG) in a reaction catalysed by enzyme phosphoglyceromutase., STEP 6 -Enzyme triose phosphate dehydrogenase catalyses two sequential reactions and the glyceraldehydes-3 phosphate is oxidized to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG).This is the first step in glycolysis that releases energy and it involves the reduction of NAD, i.e NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H+.For every glucose molecule, 2 NADH are produced.This,and all remaining reactions of glycolysis,occur twice for each glucose because each glucose has been converted into two molecules of glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate. ???? STEP 7 -In this reaction,energy is stored in the formed of ATP. 3-phosphoglycerate (3GP) is formed from 1,3-biphosphoglycerate (BPG) by enzymatic activity of phosphoglycerate kinase and ATP is produced by subtrate level phosphorylation.This is the first subtrate-level-phosphorylation of glycolysis., GLYCOLYSIS is The first series of reactions that breaks glucose apart to liberate the energy it holds in its covalent bonds, THE FORMATION OF ACETYL COENZYME A/LINK REACTION ???? The junction between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle is the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA.The fate of the pyruvate depends upon the presence or absence of oxygen., STEP 4 -Aldolase cleaves the six-carbon sugar into isometric three-carbon sugars : dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate (G3P) ???? STEP 5 -Because only one isomer,glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P),is used in the next step of glycolysis, the dihydroxyacetone phosphate is rearrange to become a second molecules of G3P.The enzyme that mediates this isomerisation is triose phosphate isomerase., AEROBIC RESPIRATION ???? GLYCOLYSIS, The junction between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle is the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA.The fate of the pyruvate depends upon the presence or absence of oxygen. ???? If oxygen is unavailable,the pyruvate by the glycolysis will accept the electrons frum NADH.This reduction of pyruvate results in the formation of ethanol or lactate in anaerobic respiration (fermentation)., Glycolysis produces two pyruvate molecules per glucose.Thus,there are two acetyl CoA,two CO2 and two NADH molecules produced in this link reaction. the link reaction (formation of acetyl co-A), STEP 2 -The enzyme phosphoglucoisomerase catalyses the rearrangement of glucose-6- phosphate to its isomer,fructose-6-phosphate. ???? STEP 3 -Carbon-1 in fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated to fructose-1,6-biophosphate which is more reactive.This reaction requires a second ATP input and is catalysed by the enzyme phosphofructokinase., If oxygen is unavailable,the pyruvate by the glycolysis will accept the electrons frum NADH.This reduction of pyruvate results in the formation of ethanol or lactate in anaerobic respiration (fermentation). ???? If oxygen is present,pyruvate enters the interior of mitochondrion (matrix) where it is completely oxidised by a series of enzyme-controlled reactions.